Integrating ionomics and targeted metabolomics to identify key markers of drought responses in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genotypes

• A rhizobox-based system is useful to assess drought responses in durum wheat • A multiscale approach links morphology, nutrients, and metabolites in drought response • 14 drought-related markers and 16 genotypes-related markers were identified • Genotype-specific integration of traits supports drought-resilient discrimination. Drought is an environmental constrains limiting plant growth and reduce crop yield, particularly impacting durum wheat cultivation in the Mediterranean region. This research examined the adaptive mechanisms employed by various durum wheat genotypes in response to drought stress conditions. A comprehensive analysis identified significant markers that differentiate the genotypes' responses to drought, revealing a complex interaction of traits that enhance drought tolerance. Notably, 14 markers reflecting drought effects and 16 markers associated with genotype variations were identified. The analysis categorized the genotypes into distinct groups based on their tolerance to drought and metabolic dynamics. The tolerant genotypes, including BULEL, SVEVO, and SVEMS16, demonstrate lower plasticity and stable performance under drought, employing unique strategies such as enhanced ion homeostasis, stress-responsive gene regulation (e.g., TdDHN15.3 ), and lipid adjustments. SVEMS1 displayed tolerance through compensatory mechanisms, while older varieties (S.CAP, ETRUSCO) showed shared vulnerabilities, including disrupted nutrient uptake and reduced stress signaling. Overall, this research elucidates the interplay of multiple traits in drought adaptation, offering key markers for breeding resilient wheat genotypes to enhance food security in water-limited regions.