An exploratory assessment of cyclone risk perceptions in Oman: A snowball sampling study of community awareness

Cyclones represent one of the most prevalent natural hazards affecting Oman, posing significant risks to communities, infrastructure, and economic stability. Despite government efforts in disaster preparedness and mitigation, a critical gap remains in public risk perception, particularly regarding demographic disparities in how cyclone risks are perceived. In this study, cyclone perceptions are defined as the awareness of a hazard, understanding its potential impacts, and being mentally and behaviorally prepared to respond effectively. Our study investigates how demographic factors, such as gender, age, education level, and prior cyclone exposure, influence cyclone risk perceptions among Omani residents. Data were collected from 238 participants across Oman using an online survey, which included Likert-scale questions on personal experiences, perceived risks, and government preparedness. The findings reveal that education and age significantly influence risk perceptions, while gender has a minimal impact. Specifically, individuals with higher levels of education and older age groups demonstrate greater awareness and preparedness. Additionally, repeated exposure to cyclones moderately enhances risk perceptions, highlighting the importance of direct experience. Given the escalating threats associated with climate change, enhancing public risk perception through targeted educational initiatives is crucial for strengthening community resilience and improving disaster response in Oman. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers to develop more effective risk communication and climate adaptation strategies.