Regulation of the antioxidant structure of polydopamine nanomaterials: Mechanisms, strategies, and applications in reactive oxygen species-mediated diseases

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), as ubiquitous metabolic byproducts, serve as pivotal mediators in the pathogenesis and progression of various oxidative stress-related diseases. While endogenous antioxidant systems constitute the primary defense mechanism, overwhelming accumulation of ROS exceeds homeostatic thresholds, precipitating macromolecular oxidative damage and the development of various diseases. Polydopamine (PDA) nanomaterials, inspired by nature and possessing tunable architectures, have been proven to scavenge ROS and treat oxidative stress-related diseases. This review systematically elucidates the polymerization mechanisms and physicochemical properties of PDA, and critically examining recent advancements in their therapeutic applications of ROS-related diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetic wound healing, ischemia-reperfusion injury cascades, and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, we outline the limitations of PDA in the biomedical field and highlight future research directions, including molecular mechanisms of action, chronic toxicological profiles, and the optimization strategies for clinical translation potential. We hope that this review aims to establish a conceptual framework for rational design for the application of PDA in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases, serving as a reference for researchers and clinicians in this field.