Two-dimensional material gas sensor for disease diagnosis

Diagnosing diseases through the detection of biomarker levels in exhaled breath samples represents a new frontier in medical diagnostics, as it offers a non-invasive and low-cost method for disease diagnosis. The emergence of two-dimensional (2D) materials, with their unique physicochemical properties and structural diversity, has greatly advanced the development of gas sensors, providing broader prospects for their application in disease diagnosis. 2D material gas sensors are typically sensitive even at very low concentrations of gases at room temperature, with the added advantages of low power consumption and ease of integration. This review aims to introduce the main types of 2D materials and their characteristics, discuss gas biomarkers representing different diseases and the corresponding 2D material gas sensor. Then, we identify technological gaps hindering the application of 2D material gas sensor and explore methods for improving them. The goal is to guide future research and development efforts and identify the best strategies for overcoming these obstacles. Finally, we provide an outlook on the integration of various 2D material gas sensors and the realization of simultaneous detection of multiple gas biomarkers.