Literature Review of Herbal Remedies Used for Diabetes Mellitus: Efficacy, Safety, and Regulatory Considerations

The Problem: The rising prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes presents a significant global health burden and economic strain, driving interest in herbal medicine as a potentially cost-effective alternative or supplement to conventional treatments. Experimental Approach: This literature review included peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2024. A comprehensive search of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted using terms related to diabetes, herbal medicine, and cost-effectiveness. The included studies originated from various countries, including India, China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and several African nations. Studies targeting adult participants with diabetes and assessing the effectiveness, cost, or user experiences of herbal remedies were included. In contrast, studies involving children, non-peer-reviewed articles, and those not directly related to herbal medicine were excluded. Data extraction was performed independently by two researchers using a standardized form to collect information on study characteristics, sample size, herbal remedies, glycemic control outcomes, and side effects. Major Findings: A total of 45 studies were included, comprising randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. The findings indicated that specific herbal remedies can significantly enhance glycemic control, with an average reduction in HbA1c ranging from 0.5% to 1.5%. Additionally, the economic impact of these remedies showed potential cost advantages compared to conventional treatments, although their safety profiles revealed some associated side effects. Conclusions: This review highlights the potential benefits of herbal remedies in managing Type 2 Diabetes but underscores the need for further research. Future studies should specifically address optimal dosages, interactions with conventional medications, cost-effectiveness, and long-term safety and efficacy, particularly through RCTs with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods.