Biochar Production, Activation and Characterization Methods/Techniques: An Integrated Review

The review paper focuses on bio-char, a carbon-rich material derived from biomass through low-temperature pyrolysis in limited oxygen conditions. It discusses the unique properties of bio-char, such as high carbon content, large surface area, cation exchange capacity, and nutrient retention, which contribute to its growing importance in environmental and industrial applications. The paper systematically reviews various feed stocks, production methods, and factors influencing yield and quality. It also highlights activation techniques that enhance bio-char’s effectiveness in removing contaminants. Applications such as soil amendment, water and air purification, carbon sequestration, and catalytic processes are explored in detail. Additionally, the review emphasizes the potential of closed-loop production systems and identifies key research gaps that must be addressed to scale up the use of bio-char, particularly for toxic pollutant treatment. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT