Toxicological assessment of root bark extract of Acacia sieberiana (Fabaceae) on serum biomarkers and histopathology of vital organs

Abstract Background The plant Acacia sieberiana (Fabaceae) is used traditionally to manage various ailments, including infectious, inflammatory, and gastrointestinal diseases. Previous studies have identified several phytochemical compounds and documented a range of pharmacological properties of this plant. This work aimed to conduct a toxicological assessment of A. sieberiana root bark extract (ASE) by investigating its effects on serum biomarkers and histopathology of vital organs after repeated administration. Methods The phytochemical composition and oral median lethal dose (LD50) were evaluated according to standard protocols. The effects of the ASE (250-1,500 mg/kg) were investigated following daily oral administration for 28-consecutive days in rats. Then, weekly body weights were monitored, and the rats were euthanized on the 29th day. The blood samples were obtained to check serum biomarkers. The liver, kidney, lung, and heart were removed for histological investigations. Results The ASE revealed triterpenes, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The oral LD50 was determined to be 5,000 mg/kg. The ASE significantly (p0.05) reduced body weight compared to the control group. There was also a remarkable (p0.05) elevation in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, and lymphocytes. Histological examinations showed dose-dependent hepatocellular necrosis and vacuolations in the liver, as well as glomerular necrosis and alveolar congestion in the kidney and lung, respectively. Conclusion Though the ASE is relatively non-toxic in acute administration, our findings suggest that it could pose potential hepatic and renal toxicity on long-term administration.