Musical Characteristics and Inheritance of Sichuan Opera in Chengdu, China

Background and Aim: Chuan Opera, originating in Chengdu and rooted in the cultural traditions of the Bashu region, is a significant form of traditional Chinese opera known for its distinctive musical structure, performance techniques, and regional flavor. This study focuses on 25 key informants, including performers, educators, and inheritors in the Chengdu area, to analyze the musical characteristics of Chuan Opera and investigate its inheritance practices. Furthermore, it explores how these traditional elements can be creatively integrated into modern popular music to facilitate cultural innovation and continuity. Materials and Methods: This research adopts a qualitative approach grounded in ethnomusicological and cultural preservation theories. Primary data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations with Chuan Opera performers, educators, and inheritors in Chengdu. The study also examined representative musical works and contemporary adaptations incorporating Chuan Opera elements. A comparative analysis of traditional and modern forms was conducted to identify patterns of continuity and transformation. Results: Findings reveal that the musical characteristics of Chuan Opera include five primary vocal styles (Gaoqiang, Kunqiang, Huqinqiang, Danxi, and Dengdiao), flexible rhythmic structures, and the integration of Sichuan folk music. Instruments are categorized into civil, such as erhu, pipa, and military, such as gongs, drum groups, forming a complex yet expressive soundscape. In terms of inheritance, a notable shift is observed from the traditional master-apprentice model to modern systems involving formal education and online platforms. Additionally, the incorporation of digital media and elements from popular music has become increasingly common. These hybrid forms are exemplified in creative works such as "New Voices of Chuan Opera" and "Watching a Chuan Opera," which successfully combine operatic vocal techniques with pop music aesthetics. Conclusion: The research concludes that while Chuan Opera retains its core musical identity, its sustainable development requires strategic adaptation to contemporary cultural contexts. This study proposes strategic measures for sustainable preservation through policy reform, education, and digital innovation. These recommendations aim to support both cultural continuity and innovation, providing a theoretical and practical reference for interdisciplinary efforts in preserving and transforming local opera traditions.