Tibetan Opera in China: Musical Characteristics, Inheritance, and Contemporary Innovation in Kham

heritage, marked by unique musical, linguistic, and performative features. However, its survival faces challenges amid modernization and changing audience tastes. This study specifically examines Tibetan Opera in the Kham region (Eastern Tibet, China), exploring its musical characteristics and inheritance, and applies these insights to the creation of modern popular Tibetan Opera songs, thereby fostering cultural innovation and continuity. Materials and Methods: A qualitative research approach was adopted, using ethnomusicological theory, cultural heritage theory, and jazz theory. Data were collected through field observations in Kham (Qamdo, Dirge, and Luolong, Eastern Tibet, China), in-depth semi-structured interviews with 22 Tibetan opera performers, cultural practitioners, and young musicians, and group discussions with local opera troupes. These multiple data sources strengthen the credibility and rigor of the study. Musical and lyrical content was analyzed alongside practical case studies of modern reinterpretations. Results: The findings revealed four core musical features: vocal styles and techniques, instrumentation and arrangement, rhythmic and melodic structures, and Tibetan-language lyrics. Inheritance practices were found to rely on master-apprentice systems, community-based traditions, and evolving formal mechanisms. Three original songs demonstrate the integration of traditional opera with modern genres: “Tibetan Opera” (Tibetan vocal chanting with R&B-inspired harmony and electronic instrumentation), “GZ Late” (a hybrid of rap and opera with verses in Tibetan and Mandarin over hip-hop beats), and “A Tibetan Opera” (an experimental blend of minimal techno with Tibetan vocal fragments and ambient temple sounds). These works illustrate how creative adaptation and digital dissemination can sustain cultural heritage. Conclusion: The study confirms that Tibetan Opera in the Kham region of Eastern Tibet, China, holds rich musical and cultural value. By creatively adapting its elements into contemporary popular music, it is possible to preserve its essence while expanding its reach and relevance. Such innovation not only revitalizes the art form but also enhances cross-cultural dialogue and supports identity expression among Tibetan youth.