Evaluating the transstadial effects of Bacillus velezensis and pyriproxyfen, alone and in combination, on fitness-related traits of Culex quinquefasciatus

These findings highlight the potential of integrating PPF with a natural bacterial biocontrol agent through strong lethal and sublethal effects across multiple life stages of Cx. quinquefasciatus, including reduced adult lifespan and reproduction. Such an integrated approach can enhance the effectiveness of vector control while providing a sustainable and promising strategy to lower the risk of mosquito-borne disease transmission.