Improve the Efficiency of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells Using Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof Method

In this paper, tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) are presented as a promising, environmentally friendly alternative to traditional lead-based solar cells due to their improved optical and electronic properties. However, issues such as instability, the oxidation of tin ions (Sn<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup>⁺ to Sn<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup>⁺), and lower power conversion efficiency (PCE) have limited their commercial application. This study focuses on enhancing the efficiency of TPSCs by using methylammonium tin iodide (MASnI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>) as the absorber material and exploring how various structural and material factors influence device performance. Key aspects examined include temperature changes, absorber layer thickness, resistance values, and the properties of electron and hole transport layers (ETL and HTL), using SCAPS-1D simulation software. The optimized device structure—Cu<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>O/MASnI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>/ZnO—achieved a high PCE of 30.03%, a short-circuit current density (J<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SC</inf>) of 43.16 mA/cm<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup>, a fill factor (FF) of 69.05%, and an open-circuit voltage (V<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</inf>) of 1.0077 V.