Analyzing the Factors Affecting the Delay of Transport of Sunrays Bus Lines using System Dynamics

Delays in public transportation systems have significant economic and social impacts, particularly in urban areas. This study examines the factors contributing to transport delays in Sunrays Bus Lines and explores potential solutions using system dynamics modeling. Key variables analyzed include bus stop placement, traffic congestion, passenger loading and unloading times, road construction, and traffic incidents. A time study was conducted to assess delays along the bus route, and the findings were integrated into a Stock and Flow Diagram using Stella software. The results indicate that the original system experienced significant fluctuations in travel time, with peak delays reaching 5.24 hours at 7:00 AM and decreasing to 5.70 hours by 2:00 PM, highlighting congestion patterns during peak and off-peak hours. The implementation of the optimized 8th policy placing bus stops every 3 kilometers and enforcing 45 seconds stops after every two bus stops led to more stable travel times. Under the improved system, peak-hour travel time was reduced to just below 4.65 hours at 7:00 AM, with a further decline to 4.52 hours at midday. The system also maintained a steadier pace in the evening, stabilizing at just under hours. These findings offer valuable insights for transportation authorities and bus operators in enhancing public transit efficiency, improving passenger experience, and supporting sustainable urban mobility, directly supporting Sustainable Development Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).