Perceived inequality in women’s sports: a qualitative critical discourse analysis in the Iranian context

Women around the world continue to face gender-based stereotypes in sports and physical activity. This study aimed to explore Iranian women’s perspectives and interpretations of gender inequality in the field of physical activity and women’s sports, using a critical discourse analysis approach. This qualitative study was conducted using a critical discourse analysis approach. Twenty-five women from Kermanshah, Iran, were purposively selected in 2025. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The study utilized Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis encompassing textual analysis, discourse practice, and socio-cultural practice. Participants identified four main themes contributing to gender inequality in women’s sports: (1) Power relations (politics, family structures, and economic factors); (2) Infrastructures (spaces, human resources, and equipment); (3) Cultural issues (gendered perspectives, dress codes, and safety concerns); and (4) Issues surrounding women’s sport (restrictions, media representation, and education). Most participants expressed opposition to gender-based discrimination and protested the dominance of men in women’s sports in Iran. Findings reveal a profound awareness among women regarding gender disparities in sports. It is necessary for women to be placed in management and decision-making positions in Iranian sports to change the rules of the game in power relations. Additionally, cultural transformation, improved infrastructure, enhanced educational opportunities, and increased media coverage are critical to fostering equity in women’s sports.