A thorough Analysis of Crop Stubble Burning Mitigation Using Pusa Decomposer: A Comprehensive Review

Agricultural residue burning, particularly stubble burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, has emerged as a critical environmental crisis affecting air quality, soil health, and human welfare across South Asia. This comprehensive review examines the Pusa Decomposer technology developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) as a sustainable alternative to traditional stubble burning practices. The technology employs a consortium of four fungal species (Trichoderma asperellum, T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. longibrachiatum) that accelerate crop residue decomposition through enzymatic breakdown of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin components. Field trials across multiple agro-climatic zones demonstrate that Pusa Decomposer achieves 70-80% decomposition rates within 20-25 days, significantly reducing the 116 million tonnes of crop residues burned annually in northern India. The technology delivers substantial environmental benefits, including 80% reduction in major air pollutants, improved soil organic carbon content (5-15% increase), and enhanced carbon sequestration. Economic analysis reveals net benefits of INR 4,000-6,000 per hectare, with implementation costs of only INR 500-800 per hectare. The technology's scalability potential is enhanced by its low infrastructure requirements and compatibility with existing farming practices. However, adoption challenges include limited farmer awareness and inadequate technical support. This review concludes that Pusa Decomposer represents a transformative solution for sustainable crop residue management, requiring coordinated policy interventions.