On Quantum Dense Coding for Bipartite Systems

Quantum communication, as a vital area of quantum information science, aims to leverage quantum phenomenaparticularly entanglementto achieve tasks that are impossible or inefficient in classical systems. It plays a key role in the development of secure communication protocols and advanced information processing. This paper focuses on one such protocol, dense coding, which enables the transmission of two classical bits using only one entangled quantum particle.We introduce the mathematical and physical foundations of quantum communication, such as the entangled state and Kronecker product. Then we propose the quantum communication protocol, namely dense coding using Bell states. It offer unique advantages that are beyond the classical parts. For this purpose, we in detail analyze the quantum measurements using Pauli gates and identity matrix, as well as the transmission of particle from Alice to Bob. They are necessary steps for dense coding. Then we analyze how Bob finishes the protocol using measurement over two qubits.