Characterizing the neutron component of extensive air showers with the Surface-Scintillator Detectors of AugerPrime
Neutrons are the only neutral hadrons that remain stable over the timescale of an air-shower development. Their energy is lost only through hadronic interactions and quasi-elastic scattering, which results in their high abundance at the ground. The signals from the electromagnetic and muonic components in scintillation detectors typically span only a few microseconds. In contrast, the neutrons can cause delayed pulses in scintillation detectors up to and beyond several milliseconds after the passage of the shower front. Selection of an appropriate time window allows us to isolate and characterize the neutron component of air showers, which may provide a new, direct method to probe hadronic interactions during the shower development. We report the measurement of a neutron component at ultra-high energies using the Surface-Scintillator Detectors (SSD) from the AugerPrime upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We provide a first look at the pulse-amplitude spectrum together with our measured rate and lateral distribution of the neutron component.
Authors
- Belén Andrada
- Pedro J. Costa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7476-7875)
- Zbigniew Szadkowski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2690-9912)
- Bruno L. Lago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-0499)
- Marvin Gottowik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7436-389X)
- Carla Taricco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0129-5539)
- Giovanni Consolati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3614-245X)
- S. Petrera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6029-1255)
- Varada Varma Kizakke Covilakam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-3172)
- T. Pierog (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7472-8710)
- G. Sigl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4396-645X)
- Mateo Fernandez
- T. Huege (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-4772)
- Nicolas Leal
- Carmina Pérez Bertolli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9790-5732)
- Carlo Salvattore Cruz Sanchez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6173-0974)
- Frank Schröder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-7210)
- A. Bueno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7439-4247)
- Gustavo Medina‐Tanco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-319X)
- A. C. Fauth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7239-0288)
- Enrico Arnone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6740-5051)
- Enrique Varela (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0715-7513)
- O. Schölten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3649-1254)
- Olena Tkachenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-7851)
- Lorenzo Cazon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6748-8395)
- Pierpaolo Savina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-554X)
- Lukáš Vaclavek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-3415)
- B. R. Dawson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-3055)
- Matteo Conte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9932-224X)
- A. Haungs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7574)
- Dalibor Nosek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6219-200X)
- G. Parente (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-0461)
- Paula Gina Isar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-584X)
- Laura Valore (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2682-8378)
- Janning Meinert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-3456)
- Emanuele De Vito (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2045-7588)
- Dušan Mandát (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-7468)
- M. Roth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1281-4477)
- Adila Abdul Halim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-1737)
- Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4683-230X)
- Jiří Blažek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5870-8947)
- Therese Paulsen
- Adriel Bartz Mocellin
- Berenika Čermáková
- S. J. de Jong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3120-3367)
- V. Rizi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-6527)
- Armando di Matteo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8260-1867)
- Alexey Yushkov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5107-9116)
- K. Daumiller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0527-4823)
- A. Insolia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-1566)
- Srijan Sehgal
- Lorenzo Caccianiga (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2245-5108)
- Darko Veberič (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-1526)
- María Isabel Micheletti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1063-9938)
- A. Segreto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7341-6603)
- L. Nellen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-8731)
- Felicia Barbato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0751-6731)
- Jan Pękala
- Thomas Fitoussi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-9356)
- Katarína Simkova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-9846)
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- I. Allekotte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-3044)
- F. Sarazin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5614-1986)
- V. Verzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2291-9387)
- Luis A. Núñez
- Chaitanya Priyadarshi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-9617)
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- E. Zas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-8117)
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- Roberta Colalillo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-9352)
- L. Miramonti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2808-5363)
- F. Simon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5978-0289)
- Juan Carlos D’Olivo
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- P. Trávnı́ček (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1655-9584)
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- Maximilian Straub
- R. Mussa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0294-9071)
- Camilla Petrucci
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- Martin Vacula (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-3962)
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- M. Erdmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-1303)
- Jarosław Stasielak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9284-7000)
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- H. Falcke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2526-6724)
- Shima Ujjani Shivashankara
- C. E. Covault (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5405-5371)
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- C. Aramo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8412-3846)
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- I. De Mitri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-1730)
- Antoine Letessier-Selvon
- K. S. Caballero‐Mora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-3855)
- Antonio Franco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7707-4241)
- Roberto Aloisio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0161-5923)
- Bjarni Pont (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-5364)
- Simone Rossoni
- S. Buitink (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-497X)
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- Edivaldo Moura Santos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2818-8813)
- Violet M. Harvey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-4789)
- Achille Nucita (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7926-3481)
- Hermann-Josef Mathes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0680-040X)
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- Lawrence Wiencke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-9704)
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- Nicolás Martín González (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6566-2222)
- Silvia Mollerach (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9339-5317)
- Toshihiro Fujii (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2401-504X)
- Nicolas San Martin
- Corinne Bérat (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-6294)
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- М. Бертаина (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1069-1397)
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- T. Hebbeker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-266X)
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- Jorge Caraça-Valente
- Felix Riehn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-7500)
- Agustín Cobos Cerutti
- Krzysztof Pytel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-7886)
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- C. Bonifazi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-3609)
- Shefali Negi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-0829)
- Jon Paul Lundquist (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4245-5092)
- Edyvânia Emily Pereira Martins (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1167-8314)
- Fridtjof Feldbusch
- Josina Schulte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5822-2445)
- S. Vorobiov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-3424)
- Ezequiel Rodriguez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2523-1919)
- Alexander Novikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-7252)
- Emanuele Avocone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3757-2718)
- Primo F. Gómez Vitale (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-2020)
- H.O. Klages (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4306-021X)
- H. Wilczyński (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-9685)
- Antonio Ambrosone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-1029)
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- M. Aglietta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-5388)
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- A. Gorgi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-2304)
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- Esteban Roulet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1478-9260)
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- Fabio Convenga (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2841-1034)
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- Fernando Catalani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-1476)
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- Radomir Šmída (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0122-1123)
- Joaquín de Jesús (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-1769)
- Milton Freitas
- Niklas Langner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-3042)
- Carmelo Evoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6023-5253)
- Matías Rolf Hampel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7622-4826)
- Jose A. Bellido (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0833-9194)
- Kathrin Bismark (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8637-7041)
- Adrián Rovero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6979-5604)
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- J. Řídký (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6697-1393)
- B. Keilhauer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4494-1155)
- G. Golup (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9471-8811)
- Stef Verpoest (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-3206)
- R. W. Clay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-9648)
- Antonino Del Popolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9057-0239)
- Katharine Mulrey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8026-8020)
- Diego Correia dos Santos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8243-6710)
- Mario Buscemi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2123-5434)
- Wilson M. Namasaka
- Vincent Pelgrims (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-3847)
- Chloé Gaudu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2803-4873)
- Yago Lema-Capeans
- Carmen Merx
- Mohsen Pourmohammad Shahvar
- Lukas Gülzow (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0620-3525)
- Simon Strähnz
- Sergio Cabana-Freire
- Alessandro Cermenati
- Nikolas Denner
- Beatriz de Errico (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4212-0708)
- João Vítor Reginatto Akim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8179-9747)
- Fedor Tairli
- Alex Reuzki
- Tim Fehler
- Eric William Mayotte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2618-9166)
- J.R. Hörandel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6604-547X)
- J. Chudoba (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-2579)
- Paolo Privitera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0623-9261)
- Andreas Weindl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4929-6191)
- A. De Roeck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3234-6634)
- Danelise de Oliveira Franco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8435-7730)
- Brian Wundheiler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3121-7037)
- Gioacchino Alex Anastasi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-5283)
- José Ochoa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1395-4159)
- Teresa Bister (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-0857)
- Tiina Suomijärvi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1422-258X)
- Marko Zavrtanik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5606-6912)
- Khoa Nguyen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5763-650X)
- Alan Watson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3727-6786)
- K.‐H. Kampert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-0195)
- Luiz Augusto Pereira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-3203)
- Jose Sanabria Gomez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4217-3212)
- B. Garćıa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0919-2734)
- Marcus Niechciol (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6823-8056)
- Leonel Morejón (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1494-2624)
- Igor Vaiman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-3631)
- David Schmidt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-1191)
- Ralph Engel
- Juan Pallotta
- Alejandro Almela
- Humberto Ibarguen Salazar
- Rita Cassia dos Anjos
- Germano Guedes
- Analisa Mariazzi
- Juan Manuel Gonzalez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7524-8635)
- Luca Deval
- Peter Mazur
- Stanislav Michal
- Johannes Blümer
- Jelena Köhler
- Eva Santos
- Dave Nitz
- Danilo Zavrtanik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1521)
- Fernando Gollan
- Luis Miguel Domingues Mendes
- Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon
- Federico Andrés Sánchez
- Carlos Hojvat
- Qader Dorosti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-0609)
- Alberto Etchegoyen
- Bernardo Tomé
- Charles Timmermans
- P. Sommers
- Paul Filip
- A. Filipčič (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-1555)
- Carlos J. Todero Peixoto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-8212)
- Harm Schoorlemmer
- Margita Kubátová
- Melanie Weitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9010-9610)
- Rogerio M. de Almeida
- Jonathan Biteau
- Martina Boháčová
- R. Sarmento (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-5467)
- Pavel Horváth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6710-5339)
- G. Marsella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-8874)
- Nataliia Borodai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1864-937X)
- Cristina Galea
- Kévin Almeida Cheminant (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6352-5339)
- Miroslav Pech
- Martin Schimassek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4295-7719)
- H. Schieler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-4778)
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- Jorge Rubén Rodriguez Rojo
- Markus Risse (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9660-8683)
- Daniele Martello
- Adriana Vásquez-Ramírez
- Florian Lukas Briechle
- Samo Stanič (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3344-8381)
- Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira
- Ioana Codrina Maris
- Giorgio Matthiae
- Michael Prouza
- Marcos Cerda
- Michael Schimp
- Mário Pimenta
- Piera Luisa Ghia
- P. Gabriel Brichetto Orchera
- Gaetano Salina
- Ruben Squartini
- Gabriela Nicora
- Max Büsken
- Manuel Platino
- Brian Fick
- Alan Fuster
- Vladimír Novotný
- Lorenzo Perrone
- Petr Janeček (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3501-7163)
- Virginia Binet
- Jeffrey Brack
- Marina Scornavacche
- Alexander Menshikov
- C. Dobrigkeit
- Juan Carlos Arteaga Velázquez
- Indira D. Vergara Quispe
- Ricardo Sato
- Cainã Oliveira
- Marta Bianciotto
- A. Săftoiu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-6510)
- L. Lopes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-0033)
- Patrick Stassi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5584-8410)
- Abha Khakurdikar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4857-5255)
- Sonja Mayotte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8957-8033)
- Rodrigo Pelayo
- Luis A. Anchordoqui (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1463-7136)
- Fabian Gobbi
- Baobiao Yue
- Lorenzo Apollonio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5625-5893)
- Miroslav Hrabovský
- Joao dos Anjos
- Diego Melo
- Petr Hamal
- Shayoni Panja
- Vlastimil Jílek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5774-7285)
- Veronika Vašíčková
- Alexandra Fernandes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9187-4007)
- Ugo GIACCARI
- J. Rautenberg
- Norbert Kunka
- Viviana Scherini
- Sara Martinelli
- Jaime de Oliveira
- Libor Nožka
- Jannis Pawlowsky
- Olivier Deligny
- Juan Manuel Figueira
- Federico Campuzano
- Frederik Krieger
- Gael Flores Avila (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8375-6492)
- Sven Querchfeld
- Jacco Vink
- Matthias Kleifges
- Alex Tapia
- Luciana Andrade Dourado
- Petr Schovánek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5344-7645)
- Tomáš Fodran (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9529-0853)
- Matias Jorge Tueros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-1419)
- D. Ravignani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-8522)
- G. Cataldi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-7718)
- Megha Mogarkar
- Jhansi Bhavani Vuta
- Eric-Teunis de Boone
- Mohamed Ismaiel
- Karolina Syrokvas
- Matteo Tambone
- Pim van Dillen
Publication Details
- Published
- 2025-09-24
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0388
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Strong
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica