Clinical advancements in breast cancer research: A comprehensive review

Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide, with significant morbidity and mortality rates despite advances in early detection and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in breast cancer research, spanning genetic and molecular insights, novel diagnostic techniques, and emerging therapeutic strategies. The advent of next-generation sequencing and multi-omics approaches has deepened our understanding of tumor heterogeneity, revealing key genetic drivers, epigenetic regulators, and the role of cancer stem cells in disease progression. Early detection strategies have also evolved with digital breast tomosynthesis and molecular breast imaging, offering improved sensitivity and specificity. On the therapeutic front, breakthroughs in targeted treatments—including cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugates, and immune checkpoint inhibitors—have transformed patient outcomes. The integration of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and mRNA-based therapeutics holds great promise in overcoming treatment resistance and improving long-term survival. However, challenges such as treatment accessibility, drug resistance, and disparities in healthcare persist, particularly in low- and middle-income regions. Emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence-driven diagnostics and risk-adapted screening, are paving the way for more precise and personalized interventions. This review highlights the latest innovations and ongoing challenges in breast cancer research, emphasizing the need for continued efforts to translate scientific advancements into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes globally.