Monte Carlo Simulations of Multiple-secondary Cosmic Ray Detection by Neutron Detectors in Mawson Station, Antarctica

Neutron monitors (NMs) are basic instruments to measure Galactic cosmic ray variations in the range of 1–50 GeV. The upgraded electronics at a few NM stations enable the analysis of the relative time delays and relative positions of multiple secondary particles produced by the same primary particle in Earth’s atmosphere. In this work, we performed atmospheric Monte Carlo Simulations using FLUKA. Then, we illuminated the simulated detector by using rectangular beams and recorded the counts produced by all secondaries from the same primary cosmic ray. We calculated the cross-counter multiplicity and cross-counter “leader fraction” for different counter separations, which is helpful in providing more insight into atmospheric showers for cosmic rays in this energy range. We compared model results with real count rate and absolute timing data from the NM and bare neutron counters at Mawson Station. With this technique, we can distinguish the contributions of single secondaries and multiple secondaries to the cross-counter multiplicity.