Comparison of Total Mesopancreatic Excision and Conventional Pancreaticoduodenectomy in the Surgical Treatment of Pancreatic Head Adenocarcinoma: Early Postoperative Outcomes

<i>Background and Objectives</i>: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the early postoperative outcomes of patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) with total mesopancreatic excision (TMpE) versus conventional pancreaticoduodenectomy (Co-PD) for pancreatic head ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). <i>Materials and Methods</i>: Patients who underwent PD for pancreatic head cancer between January 2021 and December 2024 in our clinic and had a pathological diagnosis of PDAC were included. Patients were stratified into two groups according to the surgical technique performed (TMpE-PD vs. Co-PD). Demographic characteristics and early postoperative clinicopathological data were compared between the groups. <i>Results</i>: A total of 41 patients were included: 17 (41.5%) underwent TMpE-PD and 24 (58.5%) underwent Co-PD. Demographic and clinicopathological parameters were comparable between the groups. Although not statistically significant, the TMpE-PD group demonstrated higher R0 resection rates (58.8% vs. 45.8%; <i>p</i> = 0.412) and greater lymph node yield (33.9 vs. 29.1; <i>p</i> = 0.757) compared to the Co-PD group. Overall postoperative complications were more frequent in the TMpE-PD group (82.4% vs. 63.4%; <i>p</i> = 0.034). A smaller pancreatic duct diameter was associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications in both groups, approaching statistical significance (<i>p</i> = 0.053). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the surgical technique was not an independent risk factor for postoperative complications (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.14-2.83; <i>p</i> = 0.56). No direct correlation was found between resection margin status (R0 vs. R1) and the development of postoperative complications. <i>Conclusions</i>: TMpE demonstrated non-significant trends toward higher R0 resection rates and greater lymph node yield compared with conventional PD. These findings suggest possible oncological benefits without significantly increasing perioperative morbidity.