CURRENT PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION: EVIDENCE, PRACTICE, AND THE ROLE OF MATERNAL VACCINATION

Background: Seasonal influenza remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe. Prevention relies primarily on vaccination, supported by non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and surveillance. Pregnant women are a key target group, as maternal immunization protects both mother and infant. Methodology: A narrative review of recent PubMed-indexed studies, complemented by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reports and national data from Poland, was undertaken. Evidence on vaccine effectiveness, safety of maternal immunization, vaccination coverage, and the role of NPIs was synthesized. Results: Influenza vaccine effectiveness in Europe has been moderate, ranging from 32–55% depending on subtype and season, with highest protection against influenza B and lowest against A(H3N2). Maternal vaccination provides significant protection for infants under six months, particularly when administered in the third trimester, and shows no association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite strong evidence, vaccine uptake in Poland remains among the lowest in Europe, with only about 10% coverage in older adults and minimal uptake among pregnant women. NPIs, including mask use and hand hygiene, reduce transmission and are particularly valuable in seasons of poor vaccine match. Discussion: Vaccination is the cornerstone of influenza prevention, yet insufficient coverage undermines its impact. Maternal immunization remains underutilized, while NPIs provide important complementary protection. Barriers include cost, misinformation, and logistical challenges. Conclusions: Effective influenza prevention requires higher vaccine uptake, integration of maternal immunization into routine prenatal care, selective use of NPIs, and stronger surveillance. Without systemic improvements, the potential of influenza prevention cannot be fully realized.