Impact gamma rays on somaclonal features of in vitro regenerated Aloe littoralis: Morphological, physiological and molecular analysis

Aloe littoralis Baker, a medicinal species native to Iran and the Persian Gulf region, was studied to assess the effects of gamma irradiation (0, 30, and 60 Gy) on in vitro regenerated shoot tips. This study is one of the few that specifically focuses on Aloe littoralis , a native Iranian species, rather than the commonly studied Aloe vera . Gamma rays induced significant changes in anatomical, physiological, and genetic traits. ANOVA results showed that the 30 Gy dose significantly enhanced shoot and root growth parameters, leaf-to-shoot ratio, and internal leaf and stem structures, such as mesophyll and vascular bundles. Conversely, the 60 Gy dose caused reductions in several anatomical traits. Biochemical analysis showed that chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were highest at 60 Gy, suggesting improved photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant activity. Genetic variation assessed through ISSR markers indicated high polymorphism and significant genetic differentiation (P = 0.01) between irradiated and control groups. Cluster analysis supported this, as treated samples formed distinct groups from controls. Overall, moderate gamma irradiation (30 Gy) improved morphological, physiological, and genetic diversity in A. littoralis , indicating its potential for mutation breeding and enhancement of medicinal qualities. These findings suggest that gamma irradiation, particularly at moderate doses, can be a useful tool for inducing beneficial somaclonal variation in Aloe littoralis , with potential applications in plant breeding and the enhancement of medicinal properties.