Traces of historical metallurgy and charcoal burning in the Daleszyce region (southern Poland)

Remains resulting from historical iron smelting and charcoal burning in the Daleszyce region (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland) have been examined using a combination of analysis of archival map data, historical literature review, digital elevation models, and absolute dating techniques (radiocarbon and dendrochronological dating). We identify and document sites associated with iron smelting and charcoal production, in the form of extensive remnants of bloomeries, ironworks, iron ore extraction shafts, and charcoal hearths, confirming the significant role of metallurgy in shaping the historical landscape. Radiocarbon and dendrochronological dating indicate that iron smelting and charcoal production were active between the 16th and 19th centuries. The environmental impact of metallurgy, particularly deforestation, and its contribution to local economic development, is highlighted. These findings serve as a foundation for further interdisciplinary research on historical metallurgy in Central Europe.