SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT:ADVANCING ENVIRONMENTAL,ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH CIRCULAR ECONOMY APPROACHES

Sustainable waste management (SWM) is at the core of meeting global sustainable development goals since it directly relates to climate change, resource efficiency, public health, and economic systems.As waste volumes increase due to urbanization, industrialization, and changing lifestyles, traditional linear waste management models-disposal through land filling or incineration-are becoming increasingly unsustainable.This review consolidates major lessons from global case studies and state-of-the-art research documenting institutional, municipal, and industrial practices.It addresses waste management assessment methodologies such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material Flow Analysis (MFA), and Statistical Entropy Analysis (SEA), and economic efficiency instruments like Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA).In addition, the review brings forth radical circular economy models, digital and artificial intelligence (AI)-led strategies, community-based strategies, and technological valorization routes like anaerobic digestion, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) conversion.The report highlights that SWM success hinges on integration of systems: linking technology, governance, social behavior, and economic incentives along circular economy lines.Obstaclesranging from governance fragmentation to unequal cost structures-are put against new opportunities for efficiency, resilience, and recovery of resources.