Association of Sex, Age, and Comorbidities with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant global mortality, with numerous studies identifying individual risk factors that influence survival.Among these, sex, age, and pre-existing comorbidities have emerged as primary determinants.This review synthesizes 30 recent peer-reviewed studies published between 2023 and 2025, examining how these variables interact with mortality risk in COVID-19 patients.The literature reveals that older age and multiple comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic respiratory conditions, significantly elevate the risk of death.Male patients tend to experience higher mortality than females, potentially due to biological and behavioral differences.The findings support the development of personalized triaging strategies and inform public health interventions for high-risk groups.This paper concludes by highlighting the need for stratified care approaches and future research into the causal mechanisms linking demographic and clinical factors with COVID-19 outcomes.