Mathematical modeling based on astronomical and physical-geometric principles for optimizing the efficiency of solar panels

This article evaluates the annual efficiency of solar panels which a key component of solar energy systems based on their geographical location and the apparent motion of the Sun. The study is conducted for coordinates 41°16′ North latitude and 69°13′ East longitude, using mathematical modeling to analyze the effects of solar altitude, daylight duration, and panel orientation on the amount of electricity generated. Calculations are performed for three types of panel configurations: fixed, seasonally adjustable, and sun-tracking systems. The efficiency of each configuration in energy production is compared. The results offer practical conclusions that can be applied in the design and optimization of solar energy systems.