Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Effects of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) Extracts Cultivated in Tharparkar, Pakistan

This research explored the nutritional composition, phytochemical content, and biological activities of various anatomical parts of Momordica charantia L. (bitter gourd). Roots exhibited the highest ash (13.07%), while fruits contained the highest moisture (30.38%) levels. Phytochemicals were most abundant in the leaves, followed by seeds, roots and fruits. Leaves showed the highest phenolics (25.54 ± 1.3 mg/g DW), flavonoids (1.968 ± 0.07 mg/g DW) and alkaloids (1.261 ± 0.08 mg/g DW) content. Notable antibacterial effects were observed, particularly the aqueous leaves extract against Escherichia coli (11 mm inhibition), and methanolic fruits extract against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methanol seed extracts demonstrated superior antioxidant activity (1.63 mM AAE/mL). Aqueous seeds extract also enhanced Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) seeds germination (91%), while mixed solvent extracts showed inhibitory potential. Additionally, methanol roots extract achieved 90% insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) within 72 h. This study broadens the assessment of multiple plant parts from an underexplored area, offering new insights into the M. charantia as a multipurpose medicinal and ecological resource. These findings underscore multifaceted bioefficacy of M. charantia, supporting its future use in pharmaceutical and agricultural applications.