Energy-efficient operation diagram optimization for high-speed trains considering energy storage device deployment

This study proposes an energy-efficient operation diagram optimization method for high-speed trains considering the deployment of energy storage devices. A hybrid PSO-SA algorithm is developed to solve the model, incorporating constraints such as departure times, dwell durations, and safety headways. Validated on the Baoji-Lanzhou section, results demonstrate an immediate regenerative energy utilization rate of 47.26 %, rising to 62.79 % with energy storage deployment. The hybrid algorithm reduces computation time by 74.59 % compared to traditional SA algorithm while maintaining solution quality. Compared with the GA algorithm, the optimal result obtained by the PSO-SA algorithm improved by 4.76 %. Economic analysis highlights prioritizing storage deployment in key power supply zones for optimal cost-effectiveness, offering actionable strategies for sustainable railway operations. This research provides theoretical and practical insights into energy-efficient high-speed rail systems.