Diversity and Diurnal Habitat Utilization Behavior of Birds at Blue Lake, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, Thailand

This study examines the diurnal habitat utilization of birds at Blue Lake, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, Thailand from November 2024 to February 2025. Surveys were conducted twice monthly from 06:00 h to 19:00 h, divided into seven time intervals. Data collection involved the use of 10×42 mm binoculars and a telescope to record species composition, abundance, and behavior. A total of 69 species from 32 families were recorded, with February and the 08:00–09:00 h interval showing the highest species richness (57 species). Ardeidae was the most represented family (11 species), and the Edible-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) was the most abundant species. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') averaged 2.91, peaking in November (3.13) and during the 12:00–13:00 h interval (3.26). The evenness index (E') averaged 0.69, with the highest values similarly in November (0.80) and within 12:00–13:00 h (0.85). Thirty-three species were present in all months, while 26 species were detected throughout all time intervals. The bird community included 40 resident species, 22 winter visitors, 1 as a resident–winter visitor, 2 as breeding visitors, and 4 were not available. Species of conservation concern included Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) and Javan Myna (Acridotheres javanicus) (vulnerable), and Asian Golden Weaver (Ploceus hypoxanthus) (near threatened). Birds exhibited a bimodal pattern in foraging, flying, and resting behaviors. Foraging and flying peaked in the morning (08:00–09:00 h) and late afternoon, while resting was most frequent between 12:00–17:00 h. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed four time-interval groups and nine bird assembled groups. Findings reveal temporal bird activity shifts, stressing habitat conservation to support avian diversity and protection.