Optimized personnel flow with minimal contamination: development and validation of an air-barrier cleanroom for cell products processing

The SO cleanroom concept suppresses fluctuations in particle content at the CPR-corridor interface while eliminating physical doors, enabling flexible personnel flow and obviating extra HVAC zones. Push-pull ventilation delivered the most robust containment against walking-induced disturbances, whereas the 500-mm wing walls offered a passive, power-free alternative with moderate protection. With worst-case inter-room transfers below 0.05 %, SO designs can rationally replace conventional door-sealed rooms, substantially reducing energy and construction costs in regenerative medicine manufacturing.