Süni intellekt və beynəlxalq hüququn normativ transformasiyası: yeni hüquqi subyektlik debatı və məsuliyyət boşluqları

Artificial intelligence (AI), one of the most important technological revolutions of the 21st century, seriously tests the traditional theoretical frameworks of international law. The increasing autonomy of AI gives rise to fundamental debates about the evolution of its legal status from “object” to “subject.” This article analyzes the concept of legal subjectivity in international law in its historical development and examines the legal status of AI as a new potential actor alongside states, international organizations, and individuals. Particular attention is given to the European Parliament’s “electronic personhood” concept, the views of jurists on granting AI limited subjectivity similar to corporations or international organizations, as well as sui generis status proposals. At the same time, the problem of the “responsibility gap” is highlighted as a major challenge in the legal regulation of AI. Due to the “black box” nature of autonomous systems, the attribution of damages becomes complicated, and existing norms of international law (e.g., ARSIWA) do not fully cover such cases. The article emphasizes the need for normative transformation, discussing limited legal subjectivity for AI, sui generis status, and institutional approaches such as an AI Ombudsman and AI Tribunal. Principles adopted by organizations such as the OECD and the Council of Europe demonstrate the necessity of integrating ethical standards into the legal framework. At the same time, the intergenerational justice aspect – the impact of AI on future generations – is presented as one of the priorities of international legal regulation. In conclusion, the article proposes the drafting of an international treaty clarifying the legal status of AI and establishing a responsibility regime, the creation of an expert group under the UN, the development of insurance and fund mechanisms, and the transformation of ethical principles into legal norms. Thus, the transformation brought by AI to international law is not only legal but also ethical, political, and social in nature, requiring collective efforts by the international community. Keywords: artificial intelligence, international law, legal subjectivity, electronic personhood, responsibility gap, normative transformation, sui generis status, autonomous weapon systems, human rights, intergenerational justice, international treaty.