Biogenic synthesis of Cleoma viscosa ethanolic extract Silver Nanoparticles and its Antioxidant and In vitro anticancer activity

Biogeneic-derived silver nanoparticles offer eco-friendly synthesis with promising antioxidant and anticancer therapeutic applications. Cleome viscosa, was collected from Coimbatore and identified by distinct features like small yellow flowers and glandular hairy stems. 2.5 kg of leaves and roots were harvested from multiple sites to capture phytochemical variation. The plant material was washed, shade dried, and ground to powder. Soxhlet extraction with ethanol was conducted for 48–72 hours. Phytochemical profiling via LC-MS analysis. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing 1 mM silver nitrate with extract in a 1:5 ratio, confirmed by color change due to surface plasmon resonance. CvAgNPs Antioxidant activity studied by using DPPH assay. MTT assays and AO/EB analysis done in SK-MEL-3 cells, respectively. The collected Cleome viscosa (2.5 kg) was shade dried, powdered, and extracted with ethanol for 48–72 h, yielding crude extract stored at 4°C. LC-MS analysis identified quercetin (302.25 g/mol), naringenin (272.25 g/mol), dodecanoic acid (200.32 g/mol), tetradecanoic acid (226.42 g/mol), and propanamide (73.09 g/mol). Green synthesis of AgNPs showed a color shift to turbid green with an SPR peak at 300–450 nm. HR-TEM revealed spherical nanoparticles of 5–40 nm, while FT-IR indicated -OH, -NH, and -COOH groups. Antioxidant activity of CvAgNPs reached 71% inhibition at 100 µg/mL versus 97.22% for ascorbic acid, and MTT assay showed 72.92–78.14% cytotoxicity at 40 µg/mL. Cleome viscosa AgNPs exhibit strong antioxidant, cytotoxic, and apoptotic activity, highlighting therapeutic potential. Further In vivo study required for the human application.