Low-latency neutrino follow-up combining diverse IceCube selections

Neutrino observations are a crucial component of multi-messenger astronomy, but are currently limited by effective area and high atmospheric background. However, while other telescopes with limited field of view must be pointed in order to capture observations, IceCube’s full-sky field of view and high uptime make it an excellent instrument for realtime follow-up of astrophysical transient sources. IceCube searches for neutrino transients using an unbinned maximum likelihood method with parameters for the source’s emission time period, extension, and energy spectrum. This Fast Response Analysis can provide analysis results within tens of minutes of an astrophysical transient. Besides the follow-up of astrophysical transients manually selected as candidates, it also routinely scans areas of the sky compatible with gravitational wave alerts from LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA and IceCube event singlets which have a high probability of originating from an astrophysical source. Currently the analysis uses TeV muon neutrino candidate events whose track signature is especially suited for a precise angular reconstruction, selected and reconstructed at the South Pole and transmitted with low-latency over a satellite connection. Recently, IceCube and the neutrino astronomy community are evolving to use event samples constructed with different selections. These efforts include the follow-up of gravitational wave events with GeV neutrinos detected by IceCube-DeepCore and the observation of the Galactic plane with cascade events produced by all neutrino flavors. With plans to make IceCube-DeepCore GeV neutrino candidates and cascade events available on a day-scale latency, they can also be used in Fast Response Analyses. Moreso, multiple event samples can be combined in a Fast Response Analysis that is sensitive to a broader energy range of a neutrino transient spectrum and ensures the inclusion of all neutrino flavors. We present the analysis method and technical aspects of such an extension of the existing framework. This includes a proposed new pipeline allowing the inclusion of the more computationally-intensive reconstruction methods used by the aforementioned event selections. The extension is validated using example analyses implemented in this framework.

Authors

Publication Details

Published
2025-09-23
DOI
https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0956
Primary Topic
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

Funders

Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
article

Low-latency neutrino follow-up combining diverse IceCube selections

Delaney Butterfield, L. Schumacher, L. Köpke, Sofia Athanasiadou et al.
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
article

Low-latency neutrino follow-up combining diverse IceCube selections

Delaney Butterfield, L. Schumacher, L. Köpke, Sofia Athanasiadou, Kiara Carloni, Sarah Mechbal, Rishi Babu, Philip Weigel, Arun Vaidyanathan, Thijs van Eeden, Diego Alberto Coloma Borja, R. Engel, G. M. Spiczak, Christy Love, M. Lamoureux, Thien Nhan Chau, Spencer Griswold, Woosik Kang, I. Taboada, Daniel Salazar-Gallegos, S. R. Klein, James DeLaunay, Frank Schröder, Jonathan Mauro, Felix Schlüter, C. H. Wiebusch, P. Desiati, Lukas Hennig, Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar, Abdul Rehman, C. De Clercq, K. D. de Vries, Alexander Sandrock, Sebastian Schindler, Yuriy Popovych, Axel Pontén, Federico Bontempo, Hershal Pandya, Ek Narayan Paudel, A. Parenti, G. de Wasseige, Emre Burak Yildizci, Veronika Palušová, A. Haungs, Erik Ganster, Leonora Kardum, Lars Philipp Heuermann, Shefali Shefali, J. Vandenbroucke, Colton Hill, Shiqi Yu, Frederik Hermann Lauber, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Richard Naab, Julian Saffer, Christoph Raab, J. V. Santen, Félix Carbonell, Matheus Hostert, Spencer Axani, Miaochen Jin, Karriem Upshaw, Dawn Williams, Diyaselis Delgado, G. C. Hill, Kendall Mahn, Felix Henningsen, Markus Dittmer, J. M. Conrad, P. Eller, S. Yoshida, Julia Book, D. F. Cowen, Aswathi Balagopal, Nils Heyer, Joelle Savelberg, S. Sarkar, A. R. Fazely, Finn Mayhew, Kaustav Dutta, Bennett Brinson, F. Halzen, Jeffrey Lazar, Elena Manao, E. Bernardini, Alicia Mand, John Evans, David Berley, J. V. Mead, Leon Hamacher, Kael Hanson, John Rack-Helleis, Thomas Ehrhardt, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Maximilian Meier, Martina Karl, C. Pérez de los Heros, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, Emma Kun, Sreetama Goswami, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, T. Glüsenkamp, C. Finley, Anna Eimer, Matthias Thiesmeyer, Jan Soedingrekso, C. Argüelles, Aishwarya Vijai, Attila Hidvégi, Kathrine Mørch Groth, Christian Spannfellner, Fahim Varsi, A. Connolly, Lucas Bloom, Jan Weldert, Barbara Skrzypek, X. Bai, Gaurav Garg, Yuya Makino, M. Kowalski, E. Blaufuss, Seowon Choi, Shannon Gray, V. A. Parrish, Claudio Kopper, D. Chirkin, Vedant Basu, Zelong Zhang, Oliver Janik, S. Toscano, Gerhard Krieger, Yarno Merckx, Christian Gläser, Philipp Behrens, Alexander Harnisch, Xianwu Xu, Kirsten Tollefson, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, S. Ter–Antonyan, J. Böttcher, Erin O’Sullivan, D. Ryckbosch, S. Sclafani, Maria Liubarska, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, Thomas Stuttard, Hannah Erpenbeck, Will Thompson, Sarah Mancina, Lukas Merten, T. Stezelberger, G. W. Sullivan, T. Karg, R. W. Moore, Jakob Beise, Christian Haack, Akanksha Katil, Lilly Pyras, Simeon Bash, A. Ishihara, Alex Wen, L. Halve, Martin Ha Minh, Daniel Durnford, Zoë Rechav, Francesco Lucarelli, A. Obertacke Pollmann, J. S. Gallagher, A. Hallgren, William Luszczak, Aske Rosted, Rachel Procter-Murphy, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Ava Ghadimi, Jannis Necker, M. Ackermann, W. Iwakiri, Peter John Cusack Coleman, Brian Clark, M. J. Larson, Perri Zilberman, Janeth Valverde, Yang Lyu, Paras Koundal, K. Meagher, Zheyang Chen, Andreas Noell, Chang Dong Rho, R. Maruyama, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, Minjin Jeong, Ella Roberts, Rattikorn Hewett, Vivian O'Dell, Jose Carpio, Carolin Klein, Angela Zegarelli, S. BenZvi, A. Franckowiak, Ryan T. Burley, Lea Schlickmann, Shuyang Deng, K. Noda, Yosuke Ashida, Waleed Esmail, Joshua Villarreal, K. Hultqvist, N. Whitehorn, C. Rott, Larissa Paul, M. A. DuVernois, A. Karle, N. Kurahashi, Anil Kumar, Gerrit Wrede, Hans Niederhausen, W. Rhode, Alejandra Granados, K. Andeen, D. B. Fox, Tomas Kontrimas, Karlijn Kruiswijk, Bruno Benkel, Anatoli Fedynitch, Ali Kheirandish, P. A. Evenson, Tetiana Kozynets, Chun Lin, K. Helbing, Jesse Osborn, Megha Venugopal, Dennis Soldin, M. Kauer, Jean-Marco Alameddine, Thomas S. Huber, Sebastian BOSER, David Joseph Guevel, A. Kappes, Frank McNally, J. Kiryluk, Kara Hoffman, Mark Weyrauch, Ivan Martínez-Soler, T. Montaruli, Else Magnus, Martin Wolf, Yitong Liu, Alexander Novikov, N. Kamp, Patrick Hatch, Chiara Bellenghi, Philipp Fürst, J. J. Beatty, M. García, Benedikt Riedel, M. Plum, Maria Prado Rodriguez, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Emmett Krupczak, Ramesh Koirala, Pascal Gutjahr, Rasha Abbasi, Pranav Sampathkumar, S. Seunarine, Sam Hori, Marc Jacquart, Tista Mukherjee, M. Stamatikos, D. Besson, Adam Rifaie, Doğa Veske, Lincoln Draper, Philipp Soldin, Tanvi Krishnan, Leonhard Eidenschink, Michael G. Campana, Luc Arnaud, Giacomo Sommani, Szabolcs Márka, Xinyue Kang, Yasutsugu Morii, Alina Kochocki, Martin Rongen, Michael Handt, Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh, Chris Weaver, Anuj Kumar Upadhyay, N. Rad, Merlin Schaufel, Alfonso García, Marjon Moulai, M. Ahlers, Leander Fischer, Berit Schlüter, Kwok Lung Fan, D. J. Koskinen, Jonas Häußler, Josh Peterson, Karolin Hymon, Brandon Pries, Sean Griffin, C. Ha, Jonas Hellrung, Stef Verpoest, Matthias Vereecken, Alexandra Trettin, J. L. Kelley, Simeon Reusch, Summer Blot, Maxwell Nakos, H. Kolanoski, Ludwig Neste, Nick Schmeisser, Lucas Witthaus, Anke Mosbrugger, Eliot Genton, Teresa Pernice, Patrick Schaile, Martin Langgård Ravn, Leonardo Ricca, L. Lu, Yuhua Yao, Shuo Zhang, Andrew Wang, Ruohan Li, Nobuhiro Shimizu, Yukiho Kobayashi, Wenjie Hou, Robert A. Young, Samyak Jain, Justin Mitchell, J. Becker Tjus, Satoshi Fukami, Christoph Günther, Riya Shah, Jessie Thwaites, Serap Tilav, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, Andreas Weindl, Robert Snihur, Arifa Khatee Zathul, Kotoyo Hoshina, Sebastian Vergara Carrasco, Stephanie Hickford, A. Søgaard, Olga Botner, Sally Robertson, D. Seckel, Uwe Naumann, Juliana Stachurska, G. T. Przybylski, Darren Grant, Ryan Bay, Alex Olivas, Juan Pablo Yáñez, T. DeYoung, Delia Tosi, Dan Hooper, Katherine Rawlins, Torsten Schmidt, Timo Stürwald, M. U. Nisa, Todor Stanev, Andrii Terliuk, Tianlu Yuan, H. Schieler, Ioana Codrina Mariş, Christian Spiering, G. B. Yu, Jenni Adams, Dominik Elsässer, Nahee Park, Pavel Zhelnin, Alba Domi, John Hardin, Zsuzsa Márka, L. Gerhardt, Gabriel Collin, Manish Khanal, Andrés Medina, Juanan Aguilar, Johannes Werthebach, Matti Jansson, Javier González, Steven W. Barwick, Jim Braun, Enrico Ellinger, Rebecca Corley, C. Walck, Alan Coleman, Nora Feigl, Tim Ruhe, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Jim Madsen, Chris Wendt, Elizabeth Warrick, Miriam Neumann, Jiyuan Liao, N. van Eijndhoven, M. Santander, E. Resconi, Per Arne Sevle Myhr, Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis, Shoukat Ali, Ramy Hmaid, Sonke Schwirn, Leo Seen, Grace Sanger-Johnson, Marco Scarnera, Stephen DiKerby, Brandon Henke, Hani KimKu, Joe Baines-Holmes, Lars Marten, Logan Molchany, Despina Mousadi, Emile Moyaux, Vaidehi Poojyam, Ian Reistroffer, Amar Thakuri, Lene van Rootselaar, Ilya Bodo, T. Delmeulle, Lasse Dueser, Steven Eulig
article en

Abstract

Neutrino observations are a crucial component of multi-messenger astronomy, but are currently limited by effective area and high atmospheric background. However, while other telescopes with limited field of view must be pointed in order to capture observations, IceCube’s full-sky field of view and high uptime make it an excellent instrument for realtime follow-up of astrophysical transient sources. IceCube searches for neutrino transients using an unbinned maximum likelihood method with parameters for the source’s emission time period, extension, and energy spectrum. This Fast Response Analysis can provide analysis results within tens of minutes of an astrophysical transient. Besides the follow-up of astrophysical transients manually selected as candidates, it also routinely scans areas of the sky compatible with gravitational wave alerts from LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA and IceCube event singlets which have a high probability of originating from an astrophysical source. Currently the analysis uses TeV muon neutrino candidate events whose track signature is especially suited for a precise angular reconstruction, selected and reconstructed at the South Pole and transmitted with low-latency over a satellite connection. Recently, IceCube and the neutrino astronomy community are evolving to use event samples constructed with different selections. These efforts include the follow-up of gravitational wave events with GeV neutrinos detected by IceCube-DeepCore and the observation of the Galactic plane with cascade events produced by all neutrino flavors. With plans to make IceCube-DeepCore GeV neutrino candidates and cascade events available on a day-scale latency, they can also be used in Fast Response Analyses. Moreso, multiple event samples can be combined in a Fast Response Analysis that is sensitive to a broader energy range of a neutrino transient spectrum and ensures the inclusion of all neutrino flavors. We present the analysis method and technical aspects of such an extension of the existing framework. This includes a proposed new pipeline allowing the inclusion of the more computationally-intensive reconstruction methods used by the aforementioned event selections. The extension is validated using example analyses implemented in this framework.

National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Nvidia, Michigan State University, Villum Fonden, Polarforskningssekretariatet, Marquette University, Western Canada Research Grid, European Commission, National Research Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, National Research Foundation of Korea, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse, Vetenskapsrådet, RWTH Aachen University, Chiba University, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics, Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Marsden Fund, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Office of Polar Programs, Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research
Openalex Percentile: Top 89%
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.