A nonlinear galloping-driven triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator for low-speed wind energy harvesting

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a prominent technology for self-powered systems due to their remarkable outputs, low cost, and customizable structural designs. When integrated with flow-induced vibration (FIV), TENGs present a promising potential for harvesting low-speed wind energy. This study introduces a novel nonlinear galloping-driven triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator (NG-TEHG) that can adapt to a wide range of wind speeds. We provide a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the nonlinear coupling effects between the TENG and bluff body galloping dynamics, revealing their impacts on the energy harvesting performance of the NG-TEHG. Our experimental results demonstrate that the NG-TEHG operates effectively within a wind speed range of 2.29–7.80 m/s, delivering a peak power of 10 mW and an RMS power of 3.34 mW at a wind speed of 4.74 m/s. This achieved power is sufficient to continuously drive a wireless temperature sensing node, showcasing the NG-TEHG’s potential for practical applications. The hybrid system introduced in this study not only extends the range of wind energy harvesting but also provides a novel approach to galloping-based energy harvesting technologies. • A nonlinear galloping-driven triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator (NG-TEHG) is developed for efficient low-speed wind energy harvesting. • Nonlinear structural and material tuning enables wideband operation (2.29–7.80 m/s) with a peak output of 10 mW. • The NG-TEHG powers LEDs and a wireless IoT sensor, demonstrating practical self-powered applications.