Constraints on the Population of Common Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-Energy Neutrinos with IceCube During the Third Observing Run of the LIGO and Virgo Detectors

The discovery of joint sources of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves has been a primary target for the LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, and IceCube observatories. The joint detection of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves would provide insight into cosmic processes, such as progenitor dynamics and outflows. The joint detection of multiple cosmic messengers can also elevate the significance of the observation when some or all of the constituent messengers are sub-threshold, not significant enough to declare their detection individually. Leveraging data from the LIGO, Virgo, and IceCube observatories, we conducted an archival investigation of sub-threshold multimessenger events. Complementing previous analyses, we used minimal assumptions to search for common sources of sub-threshold gravitational-wave and high-energy neutrino candidates during the third observing run (O3) of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Our search did not identify significant joint sources. We therefore derive constraints on the rate density of joint sources for each compact binary merger population as a function of the energy emitted in neutrinos. Only a fraction of the gravitational-wave sources emit neutrinos, if the neutrino emission has high bolometric energy ($>10^{52}$ to $10^{54}$ erg).

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Published
2025-09-23
DOI
https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0972
Primary Topic
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Type
article
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Constraints on the Population of Common Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-Energy Neutrinos with IceCube During the Third Observing Run of the LIGO and Virgo Detectors

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Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
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Constraints on the Population of Common Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-Energy Neutrinos with IceCube During the Third Observing Run of the LIGO and Virgo Detectors

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article en

Abstract

The discovery of joint sources of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves has been a primary target for the LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, and IceCube observatories. The joint detection of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves would provide insight into cosmic processes, such as progenitor dynamics and outflows. The joint detection of multiple cosmic messengers can also elevate the significance of the observation when some or all of the constituent messengers are sub-threshold, not significant enough to declare their detection individually. Leveraging data from the LIGO, Virgo, and IceCube observatories, we conducted an archival investigation of sub-threshold multimessenger events. Complementing previous analyses, we used minimal assumptions to search for common sources of sub-threshold gravitational-wave and high-energy neutrino candidates during the third observing run (O3) of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Our search did not identify significant joint sources. We therefore derive constraints on the rate density of joint sources for each compact binary merger population as a function of the energy emitted in neutrinos. Only a fraction of the gravitational-wave sources emit neutrinos, if the neutrino emission has high bolometric energy ($>10^{52}$ to $10^{54}$ erg).

National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Nvidia, Michigan State University, Villum Fonden, Polarforskningssekretariatet, Marquette University, Western Canada Research Grid, Centres de Recerca de Catalunya, Institut des Origines de Lyon, Leverhulme Trust, Scottish Funding Council, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, European Commission, National Research Foundation, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Academia Sinica, Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Generalitat de Catalunya, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Generalitat Valenciana, Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, National Research Foundation of Korea, Israel Science Foundation, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse, Vetenskapsrådet, Ministry of Education, India, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Russian Science Foundation, RWTH Aachen University, Chiba University, Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal, Vlaamse regering, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea, ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics, National Science and Technology Council, Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Science and Engineering Research Board, European Regional Development Fund, Marsden Fund, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Great Southern Development Commission, Government of Western Australia, Office of Polar Programs, Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Division of Human Resource Development, European Social Fund, Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research
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