Risk modeling of delayed postoperative bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions

Collectively, the presence of multiple lesions, lesion size of ≥ 3 cm, lesion localization in the rectum, and severe fibrosis are significant independent predictors of DPOB in patients undergoing surgery for ECRC or PCLs. The proposed risk prediction model, which integrates these factors, demonstrates excellent predictive accuracy and clinical utility, thereby providing a valuable tool for risk stratification and postoperative management in this patient population.