One-Dimensional Reconfigurable Holographic Metasurface Antenna for mm-Wave Beam-Steering

In this work, a one-dimensional holographic meta-surface antenna operating in the mm-wave frequencies, enabled with electronically controlled beam-steering capability, is proposed. Using the concept of binary hologram, an array of sub-wavelength meta-elements based on PIN-diode loaded slot-rings are utilized to achieve dynamic beam-control with steering range of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\pm 36^{\circ}$</tex>, without use of any mechanical scanning equipment or complex beamformer based on phase-shifters. The proposed antenna shows satisfactory impedance matching <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\left\vert S_{11}\right\vert&lt;-13$</tex> dB, peak gain <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\approx 12$</tex> dBi with only 34 meta-elements, and 82 % radiation efficiency at the operating frequency of 26 GHz.