Phase Gradient Profile and Target Deviation Error Analysis of 3-Bit Angle Insensitive Intelligent Reflecting Surface for 6G FR1 Band Application

Intelligent Reflective Surfaces (IRS) has recently attracted great interest in electromagnetic wave propagation. Different phase gradient profiles have been generated to propagate electromagnetic waves in the desired direction. Different phase profiles enable the generation of distinct beam configurations that are essential to accommodate single to multiple users. Similarly, arrival beams at the user's location have some errors, interpreted as deviation errors. Moreover, achieving angular stability across various phase gradient profiles in the normal behavior of electromagnetic waves is challenging. This work proposes an intelligent reflecting surface with 3 bits of angleinsensitiveness for application in the 6 G FR1 band. Utilizing the generalized Snell law, different phase-gradient profiles are designed according to user specifications. The arrival beam positions are also determined here through the angular reciprocity theorem. Moreover, metallic vias are introduced in each meta cell to improve angular stability, such as 0° to 50° for the stability of the elevation angle and 0° to 40° for the stability of the azimuth angle. To tailor the phase profile of this design in a particular frequency band, the meta-cell designed is miniaturized and compact within the aperture of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$0.23 \lambda_{0}$</tex> and thickness of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$0.02 \lambda_{0}$</tex>.