Temperature and Dye Concentration Effects on Camera Calibration in Underwater Environments

Camera calibration methods in underwater environments are widely used for computer vision applications, such as 3D reconstruction. In the present study, the effects of temperature and dye concentration on the camera calibration matrix were analyzed for underwater environments. Experimental results showed that both effects changed the estimations of the principal point, reprojection error and focal length. Zhang estimations presented a more linear tendency of the focal length and a lower reprojection error than Bouguet estimations in diverse underwater conditions. According to the analysis results, it is highly recommended to consider these effects during camera calibration tasks in underwater environments for 3D reconstruction and other vision applications.