BIM-LOD: The envelope interactive design and energy system dynamic scheduling considering carbon emissions throughout the smart building life cycle^*

Nowdays, the interplay between building ontology and energy systems is progressively intensifying with the development of new energy technologies, creating new challenges in terms of economic and low-carbon requirments. In order to effectively address this issue, a parametric modelling approach was first used to investigate the architecture of an interactive optimal structure for the building envelope and energy system. Secondly, BIM-LOD was employed to conduct modelling research on the evaluation and calculation of building energy systems based on information physical integration, muti-objectives, and constraint conditions such as energy balance and enclosure structure etc. Thirdly, using the actual case to provide decisions for the simulation object, and carry out analysis. The results of the study show that the average carbon emission is reduced by 77.29% and the average cost is reduced by 75.63% compared to the corresponding reference model. In addition, the effect of combined optimal solution was shown to increase by 19.21%, 15.43% and 20.35% respectively in the heating, transition and cooling seasons compared to the baseline scheme. The practical value of this study lies in its potential to manage envelope structures and energy systems in complex scenarios, thereby providing interactive design strategies and dynamic scheduling for optimising carbon emissions.