Effects of Insecurity on the Sustainability of Small Businesses in Webuye Township, Bungoma County, Kenya

Purpose: Small businesses are crucial engines of local economic development, yet their sustainability remains vulnerable to various security threats. This study investigated the effects of insecurity on the sustainability of small businesses in Webuye Township, Bungoma County, Kenya. Specifically, it examined the security challenges affecting these enterprises and assessed their impact on operational sustainability. Methodology: The study adopted a mixed-methods cross-sectional design and targeted 3,000 registered small businesses. A sample of 375 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interviews, and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The results showed that 83% of respondents reported a rise in criminal incidents over the past three years, with 75% experiencing theft or vandalism. Business owners highlighted insecurity as a major operational burden: 84% reported increased operating costs due to security measures, and 76% acknowledged reduced ability to reinvest. Approximately 72% supported collaboration with law enforcement, although only 28% found current police response mechanisms effective. Additionally, 80% cited direct financial losses, and 70% reported shortening operating hours due to fear of crime. Operational disruptions included difficulties in staff retention (63%) and temporary closures (60%). Customer confidence was also affected, with 67% of respondents noting customer avoidance due to perceived insecurity. The study concluded that insecurity substantially undermined small business sustainability. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Recommendations included enhanced community policing, subsidized surveillance, and targeted digital literacy programs to strengthen resilience.