Long-term evolution of the SN 2009ip-like transient SN 2016cvk

Aims. The interacting transient SN 2016cvk (ASASSN-16jt) is a peculiar SN 2009ip-like event. We present our follow-up data with an aim to draw conclusions on the physical nature of the progenitor system. Methods. Our spectrophotometric data set of SN 2016cvk covers the ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared wavelength region extending to +1681 d from the light curve peak. In this work, we analysed the data and made comparison with other SN 2009ip-like transients. We note that archival data reveal pre-outbursts of the progenitor with the first detection at –1219 d. Results. The light-curve evolution of SN 2016cvk consists of two consecutive luminous events A and B, with peak magnitudes of M V < −15.6 and M r = −18.3 mag, respectively. The spectra are dominated by Balmer emission lines that have a complex, multi-component evolution resembling that of other SN 2009ip-like targets. SN 2016cvk is among the first detected SN 2009ip-like events that show early ‘flash ionisation’ features of C III , N III , and He II , lasting for 16 ± 5 d. Our late-time +405 d spectrum shows forbidden [Ca II ], [Fe II ], and [O I ] features, with the latter detected particularly clearly for a SN 2009ip-like event. Conclusions. The evolution of SN 2016cvk is similar to other SN 2009ip-like transients, with some uncommon traits. The lack of a double-peaked structure in the Balmer lines is likely caused by differences in the circumstellar medium structure or viewing angle. The flash features in the early spectra propose abundances consistent with a red, yellow, or blue supergiant progenitor, rather than a luminous blue variable, for example. The detection of [O I ] in the +405 d spectrum suggests some possible evidence of nucleosynthesised material generated in a SN explosion.

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Journal
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2025-09-23
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555740
Primary Topic
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Long-term evolution of the SN 2009ip-like transient SN 2016cvk

T.E Müller-Bravo, J. P. Anderson, S. Brennan, E. Kankare et al.
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
article

Long-term evolution of the SN 2009ip-like transient SN 2016cvk

T.E Müller-Bravo, J. P. Anderson, S. Brennan, E. Kankare, A. Pastorello, J.L. Prieto, M. Fraser, I. Salmaso, M. Gromadzki, A. Reguitti, D. R. Young, P. Charalampopoulos, Tim Reynolds, S. Mattila, G. Pignata, C. P. Gutiérrez, R. Cartier, F. Ragosta, M. Nicholl, K. Matilainen, C. Inserra, T. W. Chen, J. Brimacombe, B. Ayala-Inostroza
article en

Abstract

Aims. The interacting transient SN 2016cvk (ASASSN-16jt) is a peculiar SN 2009ip-like event. We present our follow-up data with an aim to draw conclusions on the physical nature of the progenitor system. Methods. Our spectrophotometric data set of SN 2016cvk covers the ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared wavelength region extending to +1681 d from the light curve peak. In this work, we analysed the data and made comparison with other SN 2009ip-like transients. We note that archival data reveal pre-outbursts of the progenitor with the first detection at –1219 d. Results. The light-curve evolution of SN 2016cvk consists of two consecutive luminous events A and B, with peak magnitudes of M V < −15.6 and M r = −18.3 mag, respectively. The spectra are dominated by Balmer emission lines that have a complex, multi-component evolution resembling that of other SN 2009ip-like targets. SN 2016cvk is among the first detected SN 2009ip-like events that show early ‘flash ionisation’ features of C III , N III , and He II , lasting for 16 ± 5 d. Our late-time +405 d spectrum shows forbidden [Ca II ], [Fe II ], and [O I ] features, with the latter detected particularly clearly for a SN 2009ip-like event. Conclusions. The evolution of SN 2016cvk is similar to other SN 2009ip-like transients, with some uncommon traits. The lack of a double-peaked structure in the Balmer lines is likely caused by differences in the circumstellar medium structure or viewing angle. The flash features in the early spectra propose abundances consistent with a red, yellow, or blue supergiant progenitor, rather than a luminous blue variable, for example. The detection of [O I ] in the +405 d spectrum suggests some possible evidence of nucleosynthesised material generated in a SN explosion.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsVol. 703
University College Dublin (IE), University of Copenhagen (DK), Queen's University Belfast (GB), Universidad de Antofagasta (CL), University of Turku (FI), University of Tarapacá (CL), European University Cyprus (CY), Trinity College Dublin (IE), National Central University (TW), Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT), Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE), Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ES), Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (CL), Queens University (BD), Institute of Space Sciences (ES), DAWN Center for Independent Living (US), Instituto de Física La Plata (AR), Institute of Astronomy (RU), Nordic Optical Telescope (ES), Astronomical Observatory (RS), Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (IT), University of Warsaw (PL), University of Naples Federico II (IT), Cardiff University (GB), James Cook University (AU), National Institute for Astrophysics (IT), Universidad Diego Portales (CL), Arturo Prat University (CL)
National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Yale University, Carnegie Institution of Washington, University of Pennsylvania, Ohio State University, California Institute of Technology, Harvard University, University of Chicago, University of Michigan, University of Utah, Johns Hopkins University, University of Portsmouth, New Mexico State University, Space Telescope Science Institute, Heising-Simons Foundation, Carnegie Institution for Science, Agenția Națională pentru Cercetare și Dezvoltare, University College London, European Commission, University of Nottingham, University of Sussex, National Research Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Danmarks Grundforskningsfond, Generalitat de Catalunya, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, University of Toronto, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministry of Education, India, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Emil Aaltosen Säätiö, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yunnan University, Nanjing University, China National Textile and Apparel Council, Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Integrated Electronics Engineering Center, Binghamton University, Argonne National Laboratory, Fermilab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, CHIST-ERA
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Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
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