Promising candidate genes associated with dairy goat productivity

Understanding the genetic factors that determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of milk plays a crucial role in the development of highly productive dairy goat populations. In recent years, the use of genetic markers has become an integral part of breeding programs, allowing for a significant acceleration in the selection of animals with valuable production traits. This article provides an analytical review of current national and international studies aimed at identifying and characterizing candidate genes associated with dairy performance in goats. Particular attention is given to genetic markers linked to milk yield, composition, technological properties, and lactation persistency. Among the most significant genes are CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN3, encoding casein proteins that strongly influence protein content and milk quality. Equally important are DGAT1 and DGAT2, which regulate triglyceride synthesis and fat content, as well as POU1F1, IGF-1, and PPARG, which control endocrine mechanisms of growth, metabolism, and lactation. In addition, a wide range of other candidate genes has been identified, involved in lipid and protein metabolism, cellular signaling pathways, and physiological processes underlying milk production. The analysis of data obtained in various breeds, including Saanen, Alpine, Toggenburg, Nubian, Karachai, and Chinese goats, highlights the relevance of molecular-genetic approaches in improving breeding programs. The implementation of marker-assisted selection in dairy goat husbandry will not only increase milk yield but also ensure high product quality, which is essential for the sustainable development of the industry.