Guardians of immunity: neutrophils and their role in Ebola virus infection

Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of the <i>Filoviridae family</i>, causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with high mortality rates. This review examines the role of neutrophils, key components of the innate immune system, in EBOV infection. Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and inflammation, performing functions such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Despite their importance in combating bacterial and fungal infections, their role in viral infections, particularly EBOV, is complex and not fully understood. These cells contribute to both protective and pathogenic processes. On one hand, neutrophils can directly neutralize the virus and limit its spread through phagocytosis and NET formation. On the other hand, excessive neutrophil activation can exacerbate inflammation and tissue damage, contributing to the severe clinical manifestations of Ebola virus disease (EVD), such as hemorrhage and multi-organ failure. This review highlights the need for further research into the interactions between neutrophils and EBOV, which could inform the development of novel therapeutic approaches and improve clinical outcomes for patients with EVD.