Conceptual framework for nature-based solutions: A systematic review and co-occurrence analysis

NBS Impacts and Implications: • With the growing scholarly interest of NbS, this paper seeks to serve as a platform for understanding synergies of various NbS components in prioritizing key areas towards a more holistic NbS frameworks. • In the future, this framework can help NbS practitioners utilize understudied components to promote NbS in an informed and systematic manner. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) offer a sustainable approach to addressing complex societal challenges by utilizing natural processes and ecosystems. This study presents a conceptual framework for NbS, critically assessing the current research landscape and mapping out key synergies to inform future strategies. Through a systematic review of 212 peer-reviewed research articles published between 2019 and mid-2025, we identified key trends, emerging themes, and critical knowledge gaps. By employing co-occurrence networks and integrating the authors’ keywords and keywords plus, we reveal the underlying structures of NbS research and highlight the prominence of themes such as green infrastructure, management, and innovation. However, economic effects remain underrepresented in the literature, indicating substantial gaps. We propose a conceptual framework that integrates ecological, social, and governance dimensions, providing a holistic approach for future NbS applications. This conceptual framework aims to guide adaptive, sustainable, and socially inclusive NbS strategies that address both environmental and societal needs more effectively.