Passive airborne microbial reduction through herbal smoke - a study using cow dung Sambrani

The objective of this paper was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of smoke generated from cow dung Sambrani, a traditional herbal incense, in reducing airborne microbial populations, and to evaluate its potential as a natural, safe alternative to chemical air disinfectants. Airborne microbial samples were collected in controlled indoor environments before and after exposure to Sambrani smoke. The microbial load of bacteria and fungi was quantified using culture-based methods. Physical parameters such as temperature and exposure time were standardized and recorded. Statistical analysis determined the significance of microbial reduction. Exposure to cow dung Sambrani smoke resulted in a significant reduction (p<0.05) of airborne bacterial and fungal counts, with up to a 65% decrease in fungal spores and a 58% decrease in bacterial Colony-Forming Units (CFUs). The smoke exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects without adverse impact on air quality or room temperature. This study provides quantitative evidence supporting the traditional Indian practice of using Sambrani smoke for air purification. It bridges the gap in scientific validation of herbal smoke’s antimicrobial properties and offers a culturally integrated, eco-friendly alternative to toxic chemical disinfectants amid rising antimicrobial resistance.