Silica Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Platforms for Vaccine Delivery and Immune Modulation in Infectious Diseases

Silica microparticles and nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been studied as vehicles for vaccines. They are safe, biodegradable, and biocompatible and can be used as carriers and adjuvants. These particles are applied in both noncommunicable and infectious disease research for new treatments to address priority health challenges. Several reviews report the use of SiNPs in cancer vaccines. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed summary of the use of SiNPs in vaccines against infectious diseases over the last 12 years. The use of silica particles in classical vaccines based on recombinant subunits or whole proteins and in recent vaccines based on nucleic acids, such as DNA and mRNA, is discussed. Additionally, the intrinsic properties of the particles that induce an immune response and their use as adjuvants are outlined. Easy modification of the surface of silica particles facilitates their interaction with different molecules, such as DNA or RNA, making these particles good vehicles. Additionally, preclinical studies on vaccines against human infections and animal diseases are discussed.