Bioinformatics differential expression analysis of the effect of cannabidiol in chronic myeloid leukaemia cell line

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is the first clonal myeloproliferative disorder of pluripotent stem cells to be associated with a specific genetic abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, bearing the <i>BCR-ABL1</i> fusion oncogene. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are used as first-line treatment for the chronic phase of CML, although alternative treatments are necessary for resistant cases. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major constituent of hemp oil that exerts a broad range of pharmacological effects in various malignancies. However, its molecular mechanisms in leukaemia remain unclear. In the present study, Imatinib-sensitive K-562S cells were subjected to CBD treatment (IC50: 17.69 μM) for 4 and 12 h, followed by RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The subsequent transcriptomic profiling revealed 3518 DEGs at 12 h and 3433 DEGs at 4 h of treatment, including significant modulation of metallothionein-regulated oxidative stress responses (<i>MT1</i>, <i>MT2</i>, and <i>SLC30A2</i>) and p53-mediated apoptosis (<i>TP53TG3</i>, <i>DDIT4</i>, <i>BBC3</i>, <i>CHAC1</i>, <i>NOXA1</i>, and <i>DAPK2</i>). Additionally, the DEGs were enriched in alterations in immune signalling pathways-including type I interferon activation and PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Toll-like receptor signalling-crucial in leukaemia progression, as well as variations in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis. The results presented in this study validate the considerable potential of CBD to induce broad transcriptional and signalling alterations, related to immune modulation, apoptosis, and metabolic processes in K-562S cells. These findings provide novel insights into the therapeutic potential of CBD and lay the groundwork for further investigation into its precision applications in haematological malignancies.