Calibration and Performance of the Surface Scintillator Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
The Pierre Auger Observatory has led to significant advances in our understanding of ultra- high-energy cosmic rays. These new insights have driven a major upgrade of the Observatory, known as AugerPrime, through which the experiment has entered its Phase II, a new period of data collection. A key part of the upgrade is adding surface scintillator detectors (SSD) on top of the existing water-Cherenkov detectors (WCD). The main goal is to leverage their different responses to the electromagnetic and muonic shower components, enhancing the reconstruction of the primary cosmic-ray mass. In this contribution, we present the methods that involve analyzing peak and charge distributions of atmospheric muons for accurate calibration during extensive air-shower event reconstruction, along with the development of a rate-based algorithm for independent calibration. We also show the performance of the SSDs with Phase-II data, including PMT reliability and stability of key parameters, such as gain and signal-to-noise ratio.
Authors
- Belén Andrada
- Zbigniew Szadkowski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2690-9912)
- Bruno L. Lago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-0499)
- Carla Taricco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0129-5539)
- Giovanni Consolati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3614-245X)
- Juan Manuel Gonzalez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9193-0921)
- S. Petrera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6029-1255)
- T. Pierog (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7472-8710)
- G. Sigl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4396-645X)
- Mateo Fernandez
- T. Huege (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-4772)
- Nicolas Leal
- Carmina Pérez Bertolli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9790-5732)
- Carlo Salvattore Cruz Sanchez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6173-0974)
- Frank Schröder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-7210)
- Gustavo Medina‐Tanco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-319X)
- A. C. Fauth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7239-0288)
- Enrico Arnone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6740-5051)
- Enrique Varela (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0715-7513)
- O. Schölten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3649-1254)
- Olena Tkachenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-7851)
- Lorenzo Cazon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6748-8395)
- Pierpaolo Savina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-554X)
- Lukáš Vaclavek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-3415)
- B. R. Dawson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-3055)
- Laura Valore
- A. Haungs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-7574)
- Dalibor Nosek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6219-200X)
- G. Parente (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-0461)
- Paula Gina Isar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-584X)
- Janning Meinert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-3456)
- Emanuele De Vito (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2045-7588)
- Dušan Mandát (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-7468)
- Adila Abdul Halim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-1737)
- Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4683-230X)
- Jiří Blažek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5870-8947)
- Therese Paulsen
- Adriel Bartz Mocellin
- Berenika Čermáková
- S. J. de Jong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3120-3367)
- V. Rizi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-6527)
- Armando di Matteo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8260-1867)
- Alexey Yushkov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5107-9116)
- K. Daumiller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0527-4823)
- A. Insolia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-1566)
- Lorenzo Caccianiga (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2245-5108)
- Darko Veberič (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-1526)
- María Isabel Micheletti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1063-9938)
- A. Segreto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7341-6603)
- L. Nellen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-8731)
- Felicia Barbato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0751-6731)
- Jan Pękala
- Thomas Fitoussi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-9356)
- Khoa D. Nguyen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0937-5354)
- Katarína Simkova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-9846)
- R. Caruso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-8731)
- I. Allekotte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-3044)
- F. Sarazin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5614-1986)
- Luis A. Núñez
- Chaitanya Priyadarshi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-9617)
- M. Cristinziani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3893-9171)
- E. Zas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-8117)
- Clara Keiko Oliveira Watanabe
- Roberta Colalillo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-9352)
- L. Miramonti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2808-5363)
- F. Simon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5978-0289)
- F. Salamida (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9306-8447)
- P. Trávnı́ček (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1655-9584)
- Benjamin Flaggs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-1869)
- P. Hamal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3139-7234)
- G.P. Guedes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-4832)
- A. D. Supanitsky (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6942-6216)
- Pedro J. Costa
- Maximilian Straub
- R. Mussa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0294-9071)
- Camilla Petrucci
- Steffen Hahn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5040-3666)
- Federico Maria Mariani
- Fiona H. Ellwanger
- J. Vícha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7945-3605)
- Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-0803)
- C. Hojvat (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-3129)
- Denise Boncioli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1186-9353)
- L. Chytka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-259X)
- Martin Vacula (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-3962)
- Miguel A. Martins (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7294-6204)
- F. Guarino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1427-9885)
- Glennys R. Farrar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2417-5975)
- M. Erdmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-1303)
- Jarosław Stasielak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9284-7000)
- Shima Ujjani Shivashankara
- C. E. Covault (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5405-5371)
- Tobias Schulz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4208-2599)
- M. Palatka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2061-6059)
- I. De Mitri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-1730)
- Antoine Letessier-Selvon
- K. S. Caballero‐Mora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-3855)
- Antonio Franco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7707-4241)
- Bjarni Pont (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-5364)
- Simone Rossoni
- S. Buitink (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-497X)
- Petr Tobiška (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0526-9098)
- Juan Ammerman Yebra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2059-6206)
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- Achille Nucita (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7926-3481)
- Hermann-Josef Mathes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0680-040X)
- P. Mantsch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8382-7745)
- Lawrence Wiencke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-9704)
- Rukije Uzeiroska
- Nicolás Martín González (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6566-2222)
- Silvia Mollerach (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9339-5317)
- Toshihiro Fujii (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2401-504X)
- Nicolas San Martin
- Zuzana Svozilikova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5210-0781)
- M. Pech (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8421-0456)
- Maximilian Stadelmaier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7943-6012)
- P. Assis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7765-3606)
- F. Montanet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9787-596X)
- Mohit Saharan
- T. Hebbeker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-266X)
- M. Mallamaci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4068-0496)
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- J. A. Chinellato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1236-0789)
- S. Andringa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6397-9207)
- Jorge Caraça-Valente
- Krzysztof Pytel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-7886)
- R. Conceição (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4945-5340)
- C. Bonifazi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-3609)
- Shefali Negi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-0829)
- Jon Paul Lundquist (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4245-5092)
- Edyvânia Emily Pereira Martins (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1167-8314)
- Fridtjof Feldbusch
- Josina Schulte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5822-2445)
- S. Vorobiov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-3424)
- Ezequiel Rodriguez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2523-1919)
- Alexander Novikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-7252)
- Varada Varma Kizakke Covilakam
- Emanuele Avocone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3757-2718)
- J. Biteau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4202-8939)
- H.O. Klages (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4306-021X)
- H. Wilczyński (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-9685)
- Antonio Ambrosone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-1029)
- Pranav Sampathkumar
- M. Aglietta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-5388)
- Patricia María Hansen
- A. Gorgi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-2304)
- F. de Palma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5898-2834)
- V. de Souza (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0865-233X)
- Esteban Roulet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1478-9260)
- S. Dasso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7680-4721)
- Leo Östman
- Fabio Convenga (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2841-1034)
- B. Tomé (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7564-8392)
- J. Matthews (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1832-4420)
- Fernando Catalani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-1476)
- Adrian Sedoski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4253-3361)
- Radomir Šmída (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0122-1123)
- Eva Santos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0474-8863)
- Joaquín de Jesús (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-1769)
- Milton Freitas
- M. Pimenta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2590-0908)
- Carmelo Evoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6023-5253)
- Jose A. Bellido (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0833-9194)
- Kathrin Bismark (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8637-7041)
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- D. Góra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4853-5974)
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- Wilson M. Namasaka
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- Chloé Gaudu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2803-4873)
- Yago Lema-Capeans
- Carmen Merx
- Mohsen Pourmohammad Shahvar
- Lukas Gülzow (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0620-3525)
- Nikolas Denner
- Simon Strähnz
- Sergio Cabana-Freire
- Alessandro Cermenati
- Beatriz de Errico (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4212-0708)
- João Vítor Reginatto Akim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8179-9747)
- Fedor Tairli
- Alex Reuzki
- Tim Fehler
- Eric William Mayotte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2618-9166)
- M. Unger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7651-0272)
- J. Chudoba (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-2579)
- Andreas Weindl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4929-6191)
- Markus Roth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9041-1414)
- A. De Roeck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3234-6634)
- Brian Wundheiler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3121-7037)
- Gioacchino Alex Anastasi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-5283)
- Indira D. Vergara Quispe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8377-5933)
- José Ochoa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1395-4159)
- Teresa Bister (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-0857)
- Tiina Suomijärvi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1422-258X)
- Marko Zavrtanik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5606-6912)
- Alan Watson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3727-6786)
- K.‐H. Kampert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-0195)
- Jose Sanabria Gomez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4217-3212)
- B. Garćıa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0919-2734)
- Marcus Niechciol (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6823-8056)
- Leonel Morejón (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1494-2624)
- J. Brack (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4096-2063)
- Igor Vaiman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-3631)
- Ralph Engel
- Juan Carlos D'Olivo
- Juan Pallotta
- Alejandro Almela
- Andrej Filipčič
- Humberto Ibarguen Salazar
- Rita Cassia dos Anjos
- Analisa Mariazzi
- Norbert Kunka
- Luca Deval
- Peter Mazur
- Marvin Gottowik
- Stanislav Michal
- Johannes Blümer
- Jelena Köhler
- Danilo Zavrtanik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1521)
- Fernando Gollan
- Luis Miguel Domingues Mendes
- Edivaldo Moura Santos
- Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon
- Federico Andrés Sánchez
- Qader Dorosti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-0609)
- Italo Epicoco
- Alberto Etchegoyen
- Charles Timmermans
- Paul Filip
- Antonio Bueno
- Carlos J. Todero Peixoto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-8212)
- Luan Bonneau Arbeletche (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-3609)
- Michael Prouza
- Harm Schoorlemmer
- Mariano Gómez Berisso
- Roger W Clay
- Felix Riehn
- Margita Kubátová
- Melanie Weitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9010-9610)
- Primo F. Gómez Vitale
- Rogerio M. de Almeida
- Corinne Berat
- Martina Boháčová
- David Schmidt
- Niklas Langner
- R. Sarmento (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-5467)
- Pavel Horváth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6710-5339)
- G. Marsella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-8874)
- Nataliia Borodai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1864-937X)
- Cristina Galea
- Kévin Almeida Cheminant (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6352-5339)
- Martin Schimassek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4295-7719)
- Jose F. Valdés Galicia
- H. Schieler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-4778)
- Sergio J Sciutto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1148-3231)
- Jorge Rubén Rodriguez Rojo
- Markus Risse (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9660-8683)
- Daniele Martello
- Adriana Vásquez-Ramírez
- Florian Lukas Briechle
- Samo Stanič (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3344-8381)
- Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira
- Ioana Codrina Maris
- Giorgio Matthiae
- Marcos Cerda
- Valerio Verzi
- Piera Luisa Ghia
- P. Gabriel Brichetto Orchera
- Gaetano Salina
- Ruben Squartini
- Gabriela Nicora
- Agustín Cobos Cerutti
- Manuel Platino
- Michael Schimp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4295-7719)
- Antonella Castellina
- Brian Fick
- Dave Nitz
- Alan Fuster
- Vladimír Novotný
- Lorenzo Perrone
- Petr Janeček (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3501-7163)
- Virginia Binet
- Diego Ravignani
- Rodrigo Pelayo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1062-5595)
- Marina Scornavacche
- Alexander Menshikov
- C. Dobrigkeit
- P. Abreu
- Jörg Hörandel
- Juan Carlos Arteaga Velázquez
- Ricardo Sato
- Cainã Oliveira
- Max Büsken
- Luis A. Anchordoqui (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1463-7136)
- Gualberto Avila
- Marta Bianciotto
- A. Săftoiu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-6510)
- L. Lopes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-0033)
- Patrick Stassi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5584-8410)
- Abha Khakurdikar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4857-5255)
- Sonja Mayotte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8957-8033)
- Fabian Gobbi
- Baobiao Yue
- Paolo Privitera
- Lorenzo Apollonio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5625-5893)
- Carla Aramo
- Srijan Sehgal
- Miroslav Hrabovský
- Joao dos Anjos
- Roberto Aloisio
- Mario E. Bertaina
- Diego Melo
- Shayoni Panja
- Vlastimil Jílek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5774-7285)
- Matías Rolf Hampel
- Veronika Vašíčková
- Alexandra Fernandes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9187-4007)
- Ugo GIACCARI
- J. Rautenberg
- Viviana Scherini
- Luiz Augusto Pereira
- Sara Martinelli
- Heino Falcke
- Geraldina Golup
- Matteo Conte
- Jaime de Oliveira
- Petr Schovanek
- Libor Nožka
- Jannis Pawlowsky
- Olivier Deligny
- Danelise de Oliveira Franco
- Juan Manuel Figueira
- Federico Campuzano
- Frederik Krieger
- Sven Querchfeld
- Jacco Vink
- Matthias Kleifges
- Alex Tapia
- Luciana Andrade Dourado
- Tomáš Fodran (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9529-0853)
- Matias Jorge Tueros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-1419)
- G. Cataldi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-7718)
- Megha Mogarkar
- Jhansi Bhavani Vuta
- Eric-Teunis de Boone
- Mohamed Ismaiel
- Karolina Syrokvas
- Matteo Tambone
- Pim van Dillen
Publication Details
- Published
- 2025-09-23
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.22323/1.501.0227
- Primary Topic
- Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Strong
- European Commission
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy
- Grantová Agentura České Republiky
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
- Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações
- Vlaamse regering
- Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules