Gamma/hadron discriminant variables in application to high-energy cosmic-ray air showers

Identification of primary cosmic rays on an event-by-event basis is a much-desired capability of cosmic-ray observatories. Several cosmic-ray air-shower experiments use so-called photon tags for gamma/hadron primary particle discrimination. These photon tag variables are derived from the total signals measured by an array of detectors and are correlated with the total number of muons in the air shower. In this work, variables based on time distribution of signals in detectors (trace-based discriminant variables) are studied and compared to total-signal-based variables. This study relies on simulated high-energy cosmic-ray air showers with energies around 10^17.5𝑒𝑉. Since the variables discussed are derived from total signals and their time traces, which can be directly measured in real data, they are suitable for use as discriminant variables in the real ground-based cosmic ray experiments.