Profile of Cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 in Relation to Disease Progression in a Patient with Advanced Liver Alveolar Echinococcosis and Non-Optimal Antiparasitic Treatment: Four-Year Follow-Up

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval form of the tapeworm <i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i>, which is considered one of the most dangerous parasites for humans. <i>E. multilocularis</i> infections are most frequently observed in forestry workers, farmers, hunters, berry harvesters, and workers employed in animal shelters. The subject of this study was a four-year follow-up profile of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), in a patient with advanced liver alveolar echinococcosis and non-optimal antiparasitic treatment. Ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen, X-ray, CT of the chest, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head were performed during the observation and treatment of the AE patient. After antiparasitic treatment was initiated, decreased activity of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), decreased serum concentrations of immunoglobulin E, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1, and IL-6 were observed, as well as slightly increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Conclusions. During a four-year follow-up in a patient with advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and non-optimal antiparasitic treatment, a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6) and a slight increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) were detected. A better understanding of cytokine regulation in infectious diseases may be important to the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at antiparasitic treatment. We suggest that broad initiatives (preferably at the local community level) should be implemented to raise awareness of the threat of alveolar echinococcosis and methods for avoiding <i>E. multilocularis</i> infection.